Biomimetic Research Whitepaper

How In-Situ Nano Hydroxyapatite Reconstructs Tooth Enamel

A breakthrough in bioactive mineral delivery. Discover the chemistry, microscopic evidence, and academic verification behind CaPluster® technology.

Research Verification & Academic Collaboration

This research was conducted in collaboration with the Department of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine — one of Asia's preeminent stomatological research institutions. Tests focused on evaluating remineralization efficacy, mineral crystal deposition, and dentinal tubule occlusion on extracted human teeth.

1. The Enamel Remineralization Dilemma

Human tooth enamel is the hardest substance in the human body, composed of 96% inorganic minerals organized in tightly packed nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) crystal rods. Unlike skin or bone, enamel contains no living cells and cannot biologically regenerate once lost.

When oral pH drops below 5.5 due to dietary acids or bacterial metabolism, critical calcium and phosphate ions leach out of the crystal lattice. This process, known as demineralization, creates porous micro-cavities, softens the enamel structure, and eventually exposes underlying dentinal tubules — the microscopic channels leading directly to the dental pulp and nerve.

Stage 01 · Acid Trigger pH < 5.5

Critical pH Threshold Drop

Everyday dietary acids (coffee, citrus, sparkling water) and plaque glycolysis drop oral pH below the critical 5.5 threshold, breaking down surface mineral equilibrium.

Stage 02 · Mineral Loss Ca²⁺ & PO₄³⁻

Crystal Lattice Leaching

Structural calcium and phosphate ions dissolve from nano hydroxyapatite rods, creating subsurface micro-porosities, softened enamel, and early chalky white-spot lesions.

Stage 03 · Nerve Pathway 1–3 μm Channels

Dentinal Tubule Exposure

As the protective enamel shield thins, thousands of fluid-filled dentinal tubules are left open—transmitting cold, hot, sweet, and tactile stimuli directly to the nerve.

2. The Mechanistic Breakthrough: In-Situ Crystallization

In recent years, traditional nano hydroxyapatite has been introduced as a fluoride alternative. However, conventional formulations encounter a fundamental physical hurdle: particle size and surface tension.

Traditional nHAp Toothpaste

Pre-Synthesized Particle Coating

Pre-synthesized particles are too large to enter enamel micro-fissures. Like sand scattered on pavement, they sit loosely on the surface and are rapidly dislodged by saliva, water rinsing, and chewing friction.

CELERIS CaPluster®

In-Situ Bio-Mineralization

Delivers bio-available calcium and phosphate ion clusters. Upon interacting in-situ with water and natural saliva, the ions penetrate deep inside microscopic porosities and self-assemble into biomimetic nHAp crystal rods that physically anchor within the enamel matrix.

Biomimetic In-Situ Nano Hydroxyapatite Crystallization Process Infographic: Active Calcium and Phosphate Ions Penetrating Demineralized Enamel
Figure 1. Three-stage in-situ biomimetic nano hydroxyapatite (nHAp) crystallization mechanism and structural comparison against conventional surface-particle pastes.

3. 5,000× Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Analysis

Scanning Electron Microscopy at 5,000× magnification revealed profound morphological changes on demineralized enamel and dentin specimens after 7 days of simulated brushing with CELERIS:

5,000× Scanning Electron Micrographs (SEM) from Ninth People's Hospital Stomatology: Enamel Microstructure Restoration and Dentin Tubule Occlusion

Enamel Restoration

Demineralized enamel initially exhibited severe rod dissociation and pore erosion. Post-treatment SEM shows a continuous, highly uniform mineral layer integrating directly with the underlying enamel rods.

Dentin Tubule Occlusion

Acid-etched dentin initially showed widespread open tubules (the structural cause of sensitivity). Following treatment, over 95% of tubules were fully sealed by crystallized biomimetic mineral deposits.

4. Surface Microhardness (Vickers Test) Results

Vickers microhardness indentation testing was performed on tooth specimens subjected to cycling demineralization and remineralization.

+30.8%
Enamel Hardness Restored

7-day in-vitro laboratory testing on demineralized human enamel specimens.

+31.2%
Dentin Hardness Restored

Enhanced structural density and resistance to mechanical wear.

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